Ahmad. The author directly tells the readers how the character feels. Intercultural German Studies Bd. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. We have to keep in mind, however, that most of the above mentioned criteria are not evaluative ones. 7 No. Authors put a lot of implied ideas in the dialog. <> The notion of man determines any correspondent theory concerning the value of aesthetic experience. (X. The same critics that assume a universal validity of aesthetic standards in all cultures usually also assume that the concept of literature means more or less the same wherever we look. Siti Sara Binti Hj. - All we can do is to draw logical conclusions from an accepted concept of man, which we must first decide on., [v] Haskell M. Block: [] most of us would agree that World Literature is not a happy term., Comp. 0000009742 00000 n
Certainly, there were also other kinds of cultural colonialism besides the Western one, e.g., that of the Arab culture in Mogul India and of the Chinese in all of its satellite states.- But we are accustomed to distinguishing these cultural spheres as a whole, while we are not always aware of the far reach of our own cultural influence. [] Oriental art is not concerned with Nature, but with the nature of Nature; in this respect it is nearer to science than to our modern ideas about art. 0000004527 00000 n
World literature has certainly more to do with different degrees of translatability than with immanent aesthetic values. But who is to decide which periods are roughly comparable? World literature is, as a product of economical, historical, and intellectual development, primarily to be defined as a literature which transgresses and wants to transgress national and linguistic barriers from the outset. 5 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Problems of Teaching Arabic Language to non-native speakers and its methodological solutions, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. 104 0 obj 0000000976 00000 n
He suggests that we should rethink whether our devotion to pure art celebrated since the Renaissance is the only way we can satisfy our aesthetic instincts. According to him, we do not have to wait for Marxists to ask ourselves whether the only flag under which art should sail is Lart pour lart. Beginning in the Age of Discovery, western culture and eastern culture began to blend with each other. %PDF-1.7
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The fact that we interpret certain works always to a degree in the light of our own interests - we can, in fact, do nothing else - could be one of the reasons why certain works kept their value over the centuries. Link between East and West; Arabic literature; Western literature; Features of influence between them; Renewal movement in Arabic literature. Shamsuddin, Drugs arent a crime, its an illness | Felix Tsai Grade 10, Cum nsufleim viaa trind n ora - home 4 life, 4 reasons why living in the city is better than living in the countryside | Victor Lu Grade 10, Why teenagers need art therapy | Victor Lu Grade 12, Are cram schools for kids, or are they really for parents? [] One does not demand from the poet the creation of new material or that he should at least penetrate an old one with his intellect as to re-create it in a sense [] Normally, one is content with pleasant arrangement [] In witty, unconventional phrasing and in poetical decor was seen the essential character of poetry [] Under the concept of poetic decor was subsumed the whole realm of tropes and figures, alliteration and other sound-figures, as well as comparison, metaphor, hyperbole etc. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. - By recommending again a strict differentiation between these two concepts (see my articles, 1990.1998, and 2000), we only return to the old and proven. 0000030327 00000 n
%%EOF Required fields are marked *. [ii] Yu: The use of the more peculiarly Western critical concepts and categories in the study of Chinese literature is, in principle, no more inappropriate than the classical scholars use of modern techniques and methods for his study of ancient materials. The soul of good poetry is supposed to be the unspoken. This makes us aware of two possible perspectives for evaluating literature, i.e., our present (mostly Western) one and a historical reconstruction of ways of viewing works that do not seem to fit our criteria. [vi] Comp. Arman Bin H. Asmad, 0000022540 00000 n
Even for Lukacss understanding of the typical and the exemplary there are analogies in early Indian theory. As Horst Steinmetz has correctly established, Goethe meant predominantly European literature with his concept, not a list of great books, comprising Arab, Chinese, Indian, Japanese or Persian ones, as would be taught nowadays at an American college. James W. Manns asks: Even if we were to accept the whole of the Kantian account of beauty, there is room to wonder whether any one of us could ever actually be in a position to certify, Yes, I have now set aside all personal, individuating concerns and have achieved a state of total disinterestedness. It may feel that way to us, and yet we may be overlooking the simplest of distractions or attractions that is responsible for the delight we are experiencing., As to Kants claim, that all people feel similar in regards to taste, Manns suggests that in Kants sentence Our judgements are universalizable because we are like-minded individuals the word because should be replaced by to the degree that (169). Ahmad . trailer It did not represent a category of its own merit, qualitatively differing from dresses, tools or weapons (15ff) [] The moral meaning of a work of art roughly corresponds to what we would call now its promotional appeal. Its allegorical character by which it becomes a metaphor we would call its didactical nature. 0000003249 00000 n
Due to these cultures becoming dramatically close, both types of writing are getting more and more similar. 0000003016 00000 n
Are universal categories relevant and accurate enough to describe particulars? Later, he tried to demonstrate that Kants category of disinterested pleasure [xi] as well as his definition of taste were not new. The difference to our present concept lies in the fact that we consider it to be a deficiency if a work of art is promotional or didactical. [] Formal elegance, surprising or witty phrases, imagery antitheses and rhetorical arabesques are demanded from and found in almost every poem [] While the detail is dazzling one loses the overview. In late antiquity, as well as in the Middle Ages, it was certainly not an independent, free art, but rather remained tied to the artes of the trivium (the basic academic disciplines) of grammar, dialectics and rhetorics., Rosario Assunto begins his book on The Theory of Beauty in the Middle Ages with the question of whether one can speak of a medieval aesthetics at all: Talking about medieval aesthetics we commit an error in using this concept in the strict sense of the word. Assunto also indicates that the medieval thinkers principally differentiated between the concepts of the Beautiful and Art, quite in contrast to the Renaissance. Ahmad. 137 0 obj Only in one case were they sharp observers.[] Your email address will not be published. xref Doctrines are not derived by means of abstract deduction, but rather demonstrated by examples from literature. In the Middle Ages, it was just the opposite. (21). Therefore, readers often need to re-read pages to find hints as to the motivations of the characters. However, Wolfhart Heinrichs[vii] points to the surprising fact that in classical Arabic there is no comparable concept to literature and that while the concept literature in a Western context immediately evokes the popular trinity of epic, lyrical, dramatic, its application to the Arabic high literature yields two deficits (epic and drama), which leaves the third category not particularly effective.. Finally, we should ask ourselves, in accord with the comparatist Jean Weisgerber, not only whether a unified theory of literature is possible but also whether it is to be wished for. - It only takes five minutes Both types were written in highly developed cultures, if ever so different ones. Mihaly Szegedy-Maszak: My perception is that the precise boundaries of Weltliteratur have not been sufficiently fixed. Even the autonomous mode of existence of poetry is hinted at when in rasa-theory two kinds of emotions are differentiated, private ones (related to the poets life) and general or fictitious ones, which are supposed to be the true material of poetry.-. Western novels often focus on one character, but eastern novels often make characters rely on teamwork. Vol. 0000001982 00000 n
7 No. It is especially interesting for us that Bharata advocated the opinion that all psychological formation has to be subordinated to one main emotional impact, a view that was held by Aristotle for the tragedy. Siti Sara Binti Hj. [] Certainly, the problems of historical and cultural contexts, of linguistic and generic particularities, and of intended audience and effects must be considered, but a serious critic has every right to ask whether novel means may be found and applied in each instance, so that the work of verbal art may be more fully understood and appreciated., [iii] Bush: Certain characteristics of traditional Chinese criticism become clearer in contrast with Western models. At least we pass these qualities in silence when we evaluate a work of art. When in China the four great lyric poets of the Tang period wrote their masterworks, the tribes of the Germanic migrations were merely dreaming of unifying into a united Reich. Already in the 7th century, the library of the Chinese emperor contained 370 000 scrolls, while two centuries later, in the 9th century, one of the largest collections of the Occident, belonging to the monastery of St Gallen, could only boast of four hundred volumes. 10 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Assessment And Testing In Counselling Practice, Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism, An Application of Timmons Model in the Mini Entrepreneurial Logistics Project, An Overview of Experiential Learning in Nursing Education, Services for Science and Education Ltd, United Kingdom. But as a result of the world becoming more closely connected, other Eastern literary forms and styles have found their way into the Western market as well and opened a whole new world to the Western readers. 0000002785 00000 n
Salahuddin Mohd. Medieval thinking does not know yet the combination of the concepts of perception, art, and beauty on which we base the terminus aesthetics since Baumgarten. Karl Aschenbrenner maintains the same opinion, mainly in respect to music, but it can easily be transferred to literature. <>stream
It is the weighting or relative dominance of such criteria within their own traditions which matters. hb```f``ic`e`P. They never tired of defining them and of finding examples of them in literature or of making them up [] For a long time, this task was occupying the theoreticians to such a degree that they did not even pose the question of the essence of poetry. Authors make lots of similes to describe the characters inner world. The influence of the Jewish and Arabic literatures on the worlds literary art, however, extends beyond ancient literary works. According to Ingarden, each individual reader has to (re)create the aesthetic object by filling in the points of indeterminacy in the artistic object. Homers Iliad (the art object) is not the same as our experience of it (the aesthetic object). Willy R. Berger expresses his scepticism of fruitful comparisons in the following manner: As much as we wish to agree with Etiembles exhortations that Comparative Literature should push beyond mere registration of historical connections towards an esthetical analysis of comparable works, we still have to doubt that a comparison between a Chinese novel of the Ming-dynasty and a European novel of the Baroque period can yield anything besides those abstract conditions sine qua non du poeme which equal the Platonic detachment and ubiquity of Staigers basic concepts.. Chinese Ming-dynasty novels were roughly contemporary with German Baroque novels. Compared to eastern novels, writing styles are totally different. Eastern literature is marked by the unique Eastern culture, traditions and philosophy which has also profoundly influenced the Western literature. This isnt to say that western novels have no teamwork, but western writers often use one character as the viewpoint for the whole story. These are just a few differences between eastern and western novels. 0000003852 00000 n
The strongest feature of eastern novels is definitely dialogue. Ahmad. We are not allowed to project Western criteria on either if we do not want to miss the typical character of Indian creativity. 3 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Al-Jurjns Rhetorical System of Speech in Arabic and Stylistic Studies in Modern Linguistics, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. As a result of limited contacts, Japanese, Chinese and Indian literatures caught the attention of the Western world relatively late. 6 No. In Indian aesthetics, W. Chaudhury has gone farthest in equating Indian with Western criteria of poeticity. He compared (1956) the theory of rasa (to be translated as moods) which was firstlaid out by the mythic Brahman sage Bharata before the 3rd century with Aristotles concept of catharsis in regards to their psychological effect on the viewer. 0000005172 00000 n
Salahuddin Mohd. SSE-UK is an Open Access publisher empowering researchers to accelerate progress in basic applied and interdisciplinary sciences by leading a transformation in research communication. To stay with Indian poetics, again and again Western naturalism is rejected. At first, there may be no distinction between those who supply the arts and those who consume them. The former change, together with our tastes and with our cultural sensibilities and expectations. Shamsuddin, 5 No. 4 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Ancient History of Arabian Peninsula and Semitic Arab Tribes, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol.