In recent years gas production from outside and stratigraphically beneath the Hugoton has been gaining in importance. Zones for storage include the Iola Limestone, "Severy", "Layton", "Squirrel", "Colony", "Bartlesville", and "Burgess" sandstones (Pennsylvanian) and the "Misener" (Devonian). 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, T. 21 S., R. 19 E. Parts of sec. Bureau of Mines, United States Dept. Sandstones in lower part are suited as reservoirs in many small anticlinal structures in eastern Kansas. Should gas storage in that part of Kansas become desirable, suitable geologic conditions will not be found lacking. Survey Bull. 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, T. 29 S., R. 15 E. (Cottage Grove or Noxie) Injection from high-pressure line. Gas storage seemingly is possible but not now practicable in Arbuckle rocks. Survey Bull, 26, p. 1-42. It was described by Jewett and Newell (1935) and by Jewett (1951). 2, p. 151-162. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Depleted natural gas or oil fields function as gas storage reservoirs in California. Parts of sec. The Cheyenne Sandstone is more sheetlike than most of the sandstones in the Dakota. Survey, v. 11, p. 1-49. Survey, Oil and Gas Inves. Mainly coarsely granular, cherty dolostones. 34, 35, 36, T. 9 S., R. 20 E; 25, 36, T. 9 S., R. 19 E; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, T. 10 S., R. 21 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, T. 10 S., R. 20 E. Parts of sec. Sandstone beds, mostly in lower part, offer probable reservoirs in many areas. Soc., Wichita, p. 91-94. Ill-sorted, round to angular, coarse- to fine-grained sandstone. 3). 32, 33, T. 22 S., R. 19 E; 1, 12, 13, T. 23 S., R. 19 E; 5, 6, 8, T. 23 S., R. 19 E. Parts of sec. Although there are deposits in western Kansas believed to be of Jurassic and Triassic age (Table 1), most of the Mesozoic rocks of the state are Cretaceous. Survey Bull. Gas accumulation there is controlled mainly by the lateral gradation of porous dolomitic marine beds up dip into fine-grained dense, seemingly nonmarine strata farther west. Only a comparatively small number of oil and gas traps have been found along its axis. Placed on web Oct. 3, 2018; originally published in 1960. The youngest and uppermost parts of this rock section, however, that are of present interest in reference to natural gas storage are believed to be in the lower part of the Permian and in the upper part of the Pennsylvanian. 6, p. 217-260. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE 34, 35, 36, T. 34 S., R. 17 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, T. 25 S., R. 17 E. Max. Lower part contains some sandstone. In the Central Kansas Uplift area there are no Mississippian rocks in a large area extending southeastward from Decatur, Norton, and Phillips Counties in the north to Pawnee, Stafford, and Reno Counties. It seems probable that it may be desirable to store natural gas in the Hugoton Gas Field. There are 12 underground natural gas storage fields in the state. Surface in southwestern and subsurface in western Kansas. The very prolific Hugoton gas-producing area is in southwestern Kansas within the larger area. 3, T. 35 S., R. 34 W., Seward County. 27, 28, T. 22 S., R. 19 E. Parts of sec. Storage possibilities probably of little interest because of depth greater than necessary and greater than that of other suitable rocks in same areas. There is no surface indication of this structure, inasmuch as the country is entirely covered by Neogene deposits that rest unconformably on Cretaceous or Permian rocks. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1953) Subsurface geologic cross section from Meade County to Smith County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. The "Tertiary" Ogallala Formation of western Kansas has a maximum thickness of about 400 feet. [available online], Lee, Wallace, Leatherock, Constance, and Botinelly, Theodore (1948) The stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina Basin of Kansas: Kansas Geol. Since 1956, annual gas production has exceeded one half trillion cubic feet and since 1943 has been greater than one hundred billion cubic feet annually. Pervious sandstones in the upper part of. More details may be had from numerous publications on individual fields or other areas. It seems possible that sandstones in the Simpson Group of Ordovician rocks in Kansas at some time may be utilized as reservoirs for gas storage. Landes, K. K., and Keroher, R. P. (1938) Geology and oil and gas resources of Rush County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Lesser amounts have been obtained from rocks of Mississippian, Ordovician, and Cambrian age. Underground storage of gas in depleted pools has been practiced in Kansas for many years (Jewett and Abernathy, 1945, p. 147). Glauconitic, noncherty dolostone. Survey Bull. Sandstones are fine grained and of low porosity. Commercial consumers totaled 61,000 during the year. A project for the injection and withdrawal of natural gas into an underground reservoir for the purpose of storage. A large part of the Hugoton gas is transported across Kansas. Underlie all of state; nearest to land sur- face in Nemaha County in northeastern Kansas, at greatest depth in southwestern part of state. The thickness of the group commonly is less than 100 feet. 9, p. 313-348. These deposits now are almost confined to the area of the old Northeast Kansas Basin, an area in eastern Kansas northeast of a line from Phillips County to Cowley County and northwest of a line from Cowley County to Miami County. Examples of several conditions in which oil and gas occur in eastern Kansas are discussed in detail by Jewett (1954, p. 68). Jewett, J. M. (1956) Kansas; in, Underground storage of liquid hydrocarbons in the United States: Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Oklahoma City, p. 26-34. Underground gas storage regulations require that gas storage wells are constructed to ensure that there is no single point of failureand that injectedgas is confined to the approved storage reservoir. [available online], McLaughlin, T. G. (1942) Geology and ground-water resources of Morton County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. ; withdrawals direct from pipelineno compressors. 21, pt. Gas is obtained from porous dolostones and limestones belonging to the Chase Group of early Permian age. 147, p. 1-254. Survey Oil and Gas Inves., Prelim. Thickness of overburden, generally increasing westward, is about 2,000 feet in northwestern Kansas. Survey Bull. 12, p. 85-90. [available online]. Its maximum known thickness is nearly 200 feet. ("Granite wash" of various ages lies on Precam- brian rocks in several parts of Kansas.). Average thickness about 80 feet. Fax: 202-366-4566 Mississippian gas pools are known in several other central and western counties. It is obvious that a large portion of the interstate marketed gas from Kansas is dependent on the consuming area of north-central United States for an outlet. [available online], Bass, N. W. (1936) Origin of the shoestring sands of Greenwood and Butler Counties, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Table 1Stratigraphy of Kansas in Reference to Gas Storage in Rocks. Sandstone is characteristic of the lower part of the Mesozoic section, in the Dakota Formation, the Cheyenne Sandstone, and locally in Triassic rocks. Greenish-gray, silty, dolomitic shale restricted principally to area of ancient Northeast Kansas Basin. Most of the "highs" that are measurable in surface rocks are more pronounced in the subsurface, and many serve as oil and gas traps. Porosity and permeability of these rocks are high. Thickness ranges to slightly more than 300 feet. Survey, Oil and Gas Inves. "Tertiary" chiefly included in Ogallala Formation. As determined from marker beds, the dip is about 15 to 20 feet per mile and it is interrupted locally by minor deformations consisting of easterly pitching anticlines of low relief. The Ferguson and Denton fields will be operated as a single unit. Great Hugoton gas pool is in deeply buried stratigraphic trap in southwestern Kansas. Other "shoestring sand" type channel fillings and sandbars, representing local deposits of pervious materials, occur throughout most of the Pennsylvanian column, but they are most prevalent in the Douglas and Pedee Groups and especially in the Cherokee Group. Middle Pennsylvanian tectonic movements segregated areas in Kansas that now conveniently serve as petroliferous provinces (Moore and Jewett, 1942, fig. Thickness about 40 feet. Strata of Cretaceous age are spread across all of northwestern Kansas and as far eastward as central Kansas (Fig. Mapping Resources implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. "Shoestring sand" oil and gas pools, at depths ranging to about 3,000 feet, but except in the southwest part much shallower, averaging perhaps about 1,000 feet, are plentiful in the Cherokee Basin and the southern part of the Forest City Basin. The Gunter Sandstone is the basal member of the Van Buren Formation. 1, p. 1-16. Survey, v. 12, p. 1-59. 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, T. 32 S., R. 12 E. * Plus unused capacity 1,595,242 M c. f. as of 12/22/1959. 72, p. 1-140. Average thickness in eastern Kansas about 350 feet, northeastern Kansas about 500 feet, southwestern Kansas as much as 1,800 feet. Enforcement letters sent by PHMSA, as a result of CalGEM inspections, can be found on PHMSA's stakeholder outreach webpage here. . [available online], Kansas Geological Survey Contains lead and zinc ores in southeastern Kansas. 1) is in a stratigraphic trap in Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) rocks. Natural gas is stored in Kansas subsurface rocks in depleted sandstone reservoirs, which are overlain and underlain by less pervious materials. Because of the density of drilling in the Central Kansas area, many data as to porosity and attitude of comparatively shallow rocks are available. Rich, J. L. (1926) Further observations on shoestring oil pools in eastern Kansas: Am. Thickness of this upper part of the Arbuckle in other parts of the state ranges to about 650 feet. These rocks identified in subsurface in Morton and Stanton Counties. Depths to potential reservoirs in Pennsylvanian rocks throughout the two basinal areas range from a few hundred to about 4,500 feet. Survey Bull. 
Moore and others, 1951, p. 13; Frye and Leonard, 1952; Geological Survey ground-water reports. The large Denton Storage Area in Elk County was listed at a cost estimated at $4,337,000.00. As shown in Figure 3, older rocks are in general at shallower depth in the eastern part of Kansas than in the western part. The Hugoton Gas Area proper was opened in 1922 by a well in sec. No oil is known to occur in Mesozoic rocks in Kansas, but gas in moderate amounts has been produced near Goodland, in Sherman County, in a part of the Cretaceous section. Publ., p. 1-24. Figure 4Map of Kansas showing location of petroliferous provinces. Gentle folding produced low domes, anticlines, and "noses" that are discernible in outcropping rocks. They indicate deviations from the general or regional westward dip of outcropping rocks. Fortunately near the centers of larger population and industries, Wichita (Sedgwick County, population 332,092*), Greater Kansas City (Wyandotte County, population 184,357*; Johnson County, population 141,694*), and Topeka (Shawnee County, population 144,357*), natural reservoirs at comparatively shallow depths are believed to be sufficient for storing gas in as large quantities as may be desired in the foreseeable future. Thicker shales commonly varigated colors. 7). Underground Gas Storage facilities are also regulated by the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). There are many potential "structural" traps in older and deeper rocks. The locations of active gas fields and of major gas pipe lines are shown on Figure 1. [available online], Lee, Wallace, and others (1946) Structural development of the Forest City Basin of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska: U. S. Geol. B. Thickness of these rocks ranges from a featheredge on the flanks of the late-Paleozoic uplifts to about 1,800 feet. Maximum known thickness 435 feet in Nemaha County, minimum depth about 2,000 feet in Jefferson County. Large amounts of gas also have been produced in the area. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1956) Stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina Basin Area: Kansas Geol. Important in Kansas City area. Depths to the known gas pools range from about 3,300 feet in Rice County to about 4,860 feet in Barber County. Survey Bull. Generally not more than 100 feet thick. Figure 3Generalized areal geologic map and cross section of Kansas. Chiefly massive limestones. Many oil and gas traps. "Misener" sandstone locally at base of Chattanooga proposed for storage in Rice County. They are interesting as potential reservoirs for gas storage. Res. See Fig. Kansas now ranks fifth among gas producing states and fourth in reserves. These are elongate sandstone bodies enclosed by less pervious shale. 6, sec. In Kansas almost all rocks above the Precambrian floor are sedimentary; many of the layers are relatively porous and permeable. In passing it may be mentioned that thick salt deposits higher in the Permian beds are suitable for washed-out cavities. 
This is, in general, the original text as published. As a petroleum-bearing province in Kansas, the Nemaha is an area of slight but somewhat indefinite width. Limestones massive to thin bedded. ("Basal conglomerate" of various ages within the Pennsylvanian System contains oil pools in several places.). The thickness of the productive zone is about 250 feet; within this thickness of strata there are five main gas "pays" that generally are persistent throughout the field but are not equally productive in different parts of the area. State Oil & Gas Well Plug and Abandonments, CCST: Long-Term Viability of Underground Natural Gas Storage in California. There were 494,000 residential consumers in Kansas during 1958, utilizing 64,486,000 M cubic feet at an average value of 60.4 cents per thousand (Minerals Yearbook, v. 2, Fuels, 1958). Examples of oil and gas production from Lansing and Kansas City limestones are the Cunningham field in Kingman and Pratt Counties, the Macksville field (abandoned) in Stafford County, and the English field in Edwards County. Conditions favorable to accumulation of gas in the Permian strata are due partly to the regional structure and partly to sedimentation. Kansas, located in the heart of the nation geographically, contains a major source of natural gas supply (Federal Power Commission map, Dec. 31, 1958). These rocks are absent from major uplifts, but elsewhere in the state they are widespread. [available online]. Discussions of Kansas stratigraphy are found in many publications, especially of the Kansas Geological Survey. Subsurface in most of state, but absent on principal uplifts. Most prevalent in High Plains area. All these rock units are in positions that are close to horizontaL Only on the flanks of major uplifts and very locally elsewhere are dips measured in angles of more than a fraction of a degree. Subsurface only, except small outcrop area in southeast corner of state. Rich (1926), Bass (1936), and Jewett (1949, 1954) have described "shoestring" oil and gas reservoirs in eastern Kansas. Foregoing parts of this report indicate depths and other conditions in which gas can be stored in natural geologic "traps". The use of huge plastic bags is worthy of consideration. An Acrobat PDF version (5.4 MB) is also available. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 10, p. 568-580. Lamotte Sandstone is restricted as a name for these basal deposits by some geologists to detrital sediments that are unconformable above Precambrian rocks and conformable below Bonneterre Dolostone (Keroher and Kirby, 1948, p. 23). The maximum thickness of Mississippian rocks in Kansas is believed to be in or near Meade County in the southwest part of the state. Throughout much of its length the Nemaha Anticline area contains potential gas storage reservoirs. Lee, 1940; Moore and others, 1951, p. 107; Jewett, 1959. Room-and-pillar mining has created a great amount of possible storage space, most of which is not now utilized. Add to overburden. For present purposes, Kansas east of the Nemaha Anticline may be regarded as a unit, but it is well to note that the so-called basins are extremely broad structures and were separate areas of deposition during an extremely brief interval of time in the middle part of the Pennsylvanian period. (1952) Pleistocene geology of Kansas: Kansas Geol. In 1958 production was 595.2 billion cubic feet, an all-time high for the state. Clayey and calcareous shales predominant, fine-grained chalky, platy limestones constituting most of the lower middle part. B, p. 25-36. In addition to their being impractical for gas storage because of being freshwater aquifers, the Neogene beds lack impervious seals or sufficient overburden above what otherwise might be storage reservoirs. 
Arbuckle rocks are absent from the northern part of the Nemaha Anticline and adjacent areas as far west as eastern Washington County and northeastern Clay County; from higher parts of the Central Kansas Uplift in Barton, Ellis, Rush, and Russell Counties; and from the northern part of the same uplift (or the Cambridge Arch) in Decatur and Norton Counties. Several oil fields lie above small anticlines that are near the Nemaha structure on each of its sides. In addition to sandstones, some of which are more or less sheetlike, the Lansing and Kansas City Groups contain in central Kansas, more or less characteristically, open-textured oolitic zones that are productive in many places. In 1870, gas was discovered in the Cherokee Basin, and in 1888 on the Central Kansas Uplift. These rocks are almost entirely unconsolidated and consist of debris derived physically from older rocks; they are nonmarine in origin. Formed by earth movements at about the close of Early Pennsylvanian time, this buried anticline forms the west boundary of the eastern Kansas basins. Sealing off portions of these mines would be comparatively easy. In California, natural gas serves as an energy resource for several purposes including:electrical power generation,industrial use,residential use, and commercial use. Thickness about 350 feet or less. 111, p. 1-179. Sandstones throughout section, but more extensive in lower part, offer many reservoirs in an area extending many miles west of outcrops. CalGEMis collaborating with public health professionals and soliciting comments from the public to create a formal draftofthe proposed regulationsto submit forAdministrativeProcedures Act(APA)rulemakingthrough the Office of Administrative Law (OAL). Known oil and gas reservoirs are present throughout almost the whole Pennsylvanian rock section in Kansas. Interesting examples are found in Wabaunsee County. Survey Bull. (1960) Hutchinson saltstone, Permian, Kansas: Kansas Geol. 34, p. 1-244. Survey Bull. Moore, R. C., and others (1951) The Kansas rock column: Kansas Geol. Dolostone, gypstone, and anhydristone in middle part; much salt in subsurface. The Eminence Dolostone is restricted to small areas in eastern and western Kansas. Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Map 48, sheets 1-7. [available online]. Smith, H. T. U. About 200 old wells and 35 new wells will be utilized. By 1910, numerous industries had been established on the basis of cheap natural gas available in eastern Kansas counties. Business Hours:9:00am-5:00pm ET, M-F. 3, p. 77-112. Sandstones in any part of the Pennsylvanian should not be overlooked, however. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the basement complex. Cumulative natural gas production in Kansas surpassed the 8,000,000,000 M cubic feet mark in 1959. Finished, the total storage capacity will be about 16 billion cubic feet, making it the largest in Kansas. Total storage capacity for natural gas in Kansas is 99,434,882 M cubic feet. This is signified in the 1908 production, which exceeded 80 billion cubic feet of gas. Depths range from a few hundred to 4,000 feet or more. 23, p. 1-135. "Stratigraphic" traps suitable for gas storage are believed to be plentiful, especially in post-Paleozoic rocks in western Kansas at a depth of about 5,000 feet. A very consequential amount of natural gas has been produced from Mississippian rocks in Kansas. Kulstad, Robert O. 3 for distribution. (* Population (unofficial) from 1960 Census.). In passing it may be noted that the northern part of the Central Kansas area is in some reports properly designated as Cambridge Arch; the extreme southern part has been called Pratt Anticline (Jewett, 1958, fig. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1940) Subsurface Mississippian rocks of Kansas: Kansas Geol. In the 14 projects in the state, 661 wells are used as injection or producing wells and 68 wells are used for observation. Simpson gas pools are known in several counties, including Barber, Comanche, Harper, Pawnee, Rice, and Sumner. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, T. 12 S., R. 23 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, T. 13 S., R 23 E. Parts of sec. Total thickness about 2,750 feet. Moore and others, 1951, p. 37; Swineford, 1955; Kulstad, 1960. ; withdrawals, direct from pipelineno compressors. In the southern part, the great EI Dorado and Augusta oil and gas fields lie partly along the anticlinal axis. Lenticular sandstones, probably filling river valleys, occur in that stratigraphic zone (Jewett, 1959). LPG storage projects are in operation in McPherson, Reno, Grant, and Kingman Counties. Shales mostly lack carbonaceous materials. 4, p. 137-212. Abernathy, G. E. (1943) Deep water well at the Jayhawk Ordnance Works in Cherokee County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. At the present time liquid hydrocarbons, principally liquified petroleum gas, are stored in Kansas in cavities artificially dissolved in Permian saltstone in the central and western part of the state (Jewett, 1955; 1956). 137, p. 9-52. Current UGS regulationsmandate that underground gas storage operators create and maintainrisk management and emergency response plans specific to each UGS project.
Moore and others, 1951, p. 13; Frye and Leonard, 1952; Geological Survey ground-water reports. The large Denton Storage Area in Elk County was listed at a cost estimated at $4,337,000.00. As shown in Figure 3, older rocks are in general at shallower depth in the eastern part of Kansas than in the western part. The Hugoton Gas Area proper was opened in 1922 by a well in sec. No oil is known to occur in Mesozoic rocks in Kansas, but gas in moderate amounts has been produced near Goodland, in Sherman County, in a part of the Cretaceous section. Publ., p. 1-24. Figure 4Map of Kansas showing location of petroliferous provinces. Gentle folding produced low domes, anticlines, and "noses" that are discernible in outcropping rocks. They indicate deviations from the general or regional westward dip of outcropping rocks. Fortunately near the centers of larger population and industries, Wichita (Sedgwick County, population 332,092*), Greater Kansas City (Wyandotte County, population 184,357*; Johnson County, population 141,694*), and Topeka (Shawnee County, population 144,357*), natural reservoirs at comparatively shallow depths are believed to be sufficient for storing gas in as large quantities as may be desired in the foreseeable future. Thicker shales commonly varigated colors. 7). Underground Gas Storage facilities are also regulated by the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). There are many potential "structural" traps in older and deeper rocks. The locations of active gas fields and of major gas pipe lines are shown on Figure 1. [available online], Lee, Wallace, and others (1946) Structural development of the Forest City Basin of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska: U. S. Geol. B. Thickness of these rocks ranges from a featheredge on the flanks of the late-Paleozoic uplifts to about 1,800 feet. Maximum known thickness 435 feet in Nemaha County, minimum depth about 2,000 feet in Jefferson County. Large amounts of gas also have been produced in the area. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1956) Stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina Basin Area: Kansas Geol. Important in Kansas City area. Depths to the known gas pools range from about 3,300 feet in Rice County to about 4,860 feet in Barber County. Survey Bull. Generally not more than 100 feet thick. Figure 3Generalized areal geologic map and cross section of Kansas. Chiefly massive limestones. Many oil and gas traps. "Misener" sandstone locally at base of Chattanooga proposed for storage in Rice County. They are interesting as potential reservoirs for gas storage. Res. See Fig. Kansas now ranks fifth among gas producing states and fourth in reserves. These are elongate sandstone bodies enclosed by less pervious shale. 6, sec. In Kansas almost all rocks above the Precambrian floor are sedimentary; many of the layers are relatively porous and permeable. In passing it may be mentioned that thick salt deposits higher in the Permian beds are suitable for washed-out cavities. This is, in general, the original text as published. As a petroleum-bearing province in Kansas, the Nemaha is an area of slight but somewhat indefinite width. Limestones massive to thin bedded. ("Basal conglomerate" of various ages within the Pennsylvanian System contains oil pools in several places.). The thickness of the productive zone is about 250 feet; within this thickness of strata there are five main gas "pays" that generally are persistent throughout the field but are not equally productive in different parts of the area. State Oil & Gas Well Plug and Abandonments, CCST: Long-Term Viability of Underground Natural Gas Storage in California. There were 494,000 residential consumers in Kansas during 1958, utilizing 64,486,000 M cubic feet at an average value of 60.4 cents per thousand (Minerals Yearbook, v. 2, Fuels, 1958). Examples of oil and gas production from Lansing and Kansas City limestones are the Cunningham field in Kingman and Pratt Counties, the Macksville field (abandoned) in Stafford County, and the English field in Edwards County. Conditions favorable to accumulation of gas in the Permian strata are due partly to the regional structure and partly to sedimentation. Kansas, located in the heart of the nation geographically, contains a major source of natural gas supply (Federal Power Commission map, Dec. 31, 1958). These rocks are absent from major uplifts, but elsewhere in the state they are widespread. [available online]. Discussions of Kansas stratigraphy are found in many publications, especially of the Kansas Geological Survey. Subsurface in most of state, but absent on principal uplifts. Most prevalent in High Plains area. All these rock units are in positions that are close to horizontaL Only on the flanks of major uplifts and very locally elsewhere are dips measured in angles of more than a fraction of a degree. Subsurface only, except small outcrop area in southeast corner of state. Rich (1926), Bass (1936), and Jewett (1949, 1954) have described "shoestring" oil and gas reservoirs in eastern Kansas. Foregoing parts of this report indicate depths and other conditions in which gas can be stored in natural geologic "traps". The use of huge plastic bags is worthy of consideration. An Acrobat PDF version (5.4 MB) is also available. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 10, p. 568-580. Lamotte Sandstone is restricted as a name for these basal deposits by some geologists to detrital sediments that are unconformable above Precambrian rocks and conformable below Bonneterre Dolostone (Keroher and Kirby, 1948, p. 23). The maximum thickness of Mississippian rocks in Kansas is believed to be in or near Meade County in the southwest part of the state. Throughout much of its length the Nemaha Anticline area contains potential gas storage reservoirs. Lee, 1940; Moore and others, 1951, p. 107; Jewett, 1959. Room-and-pillar mining has created a great amount of possible storage space, most of which is not now utilized. Add to overburden. For present purposes, Kansas east of the Nemaha Anticline may be regarded as a unit, but it is well to note that the so-called basins are extremely broad structures and were separate areas of deposition during an extremely brief interval of time in the middle part of the Pennsylvanian period. (1952) Pleistocene geology of Kansas: Kansas Geol. In 1958 production was 595.2 billion cubic feet, an all-time high for the state. Clayey and calcareous shales predominant, fine-grained chalky, platy limestones constituting most of the lower middle part. B, p. 25-36. In addition to their being impractical for gas storage because of being freshwater aquifers, the Neogene beds lack impervious seals or sufficient overburden above what otherwise might be storage reservoirs. Arbuckle rocks are absent from the northern part of the Nemaha Anticline and adjacent areas as far west as eastern Washington County and northeastern Clay County; from higher parts of the Central Kansas Uplift in Barton, Ellis, Rush, and Russell Counties; and from the northern part of the same uplift (or the Cambridge Arch) in Decatur and Norton Counties. Several oil fields lie above small anticlines that are near the Nemaha structure on each of its sides. In addition to sandstones, some of which are more or less sheetlike, the Lansing and Kansas City Groups contain in central Kansas, more or less characteristically, open-textured oolitic zones that are productive in many places. In 1870, gas was discovered in the Cherokee Basin, and in 1888 on the Central Kansas Uplift. These rocks are almost entirely unconsolidated and consist of debris derived physically from older rocks; they are nonmarine in origin. Formed by earth movements at about the close of Early Pennsylvanian time, this buried anticline forms the west boundary of the eastern Kansas basins. Sealing off portions of these mines would be comparatively easy. In California, natural gas serves as an energy resource for several purposes including:electrical power generation,industrial use,residential use, and commercial use. Thickness about 350 feet or less. 111, p. 1-179. Sandstones throughout section, but more extensive in lower part, offer many reservoirs in an area extending many miles west of outcrops. CalGEMis collaborating with public health professionals and soliciting comments from the public to create a formal draftofthe proposed regulationsto submit forAdministrativeProcedures Act(APA)rulemakingthrough the Office of Administrative Law (OAL). Known oil and gas reservoirs are present throughout almost the whole Pennsylvanian rock section in Kansas. Interesting examples are found in Wabaunsee County. Survey Bull. (1960) Hutchinson saltstone, Permian, Kansas: Kansas Geol. 34, p. 1-244. Survey Bull. Moore, R. C., and others (1951) The Kansas rock column: Kansas Geol. Dolostone, gypstone, and anhydristone in middle part; much salt in subsurface. The Eminence Dolostone is restricted to small areas in eastern and western Kansas. Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Map 48, sheets 1-7. [available online]. Smith, H. T. U. About 200 old wells and 35 new wells will be utilized. By 1910, numerous industries had been established on the basis of cheap natural gas available in eastern Kansas counties. Business Hours:9:00am-5:00pm ET, M-F. 3, p. 77-112. Sandstones in any part of the Pennsylvanian should not be overlooked, however. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the basement complex. Cumulative natural gas production in Kansas surpassed the 8,000,000,000 M cubic feet mark in 1959. Finished, the total storage capacity will be about 16 billion cubic feet, making it the largest in Kansas. Total storage capacity for natural gas in Kansas is 99,434,882 M cubic feet. This is signified in the 1908 production, which exceeded 80 billion cubic feet of gas. Depths range from a few hundred to 4,000 feet or more. 23, p. 1-135. "Stratigraphic" traps suitable for gas storage are believed to be plentiful, especially in post-Paleozoic rocks in western Kansas at a depth of about 5,000 feet. A very consequential amount of natural gas has been produced from Mississippian rocks in Kansas. Kulstad, Robert O. 3 for distribution. (* Population (unofficial) from 1960 Census.). In passing it may be noted that the northern part of the Central Kansas area is in some reports properly designated as Cambridge Arch; the extreme southern part has been called Pratt Anticline (Jewett, 1958, fig. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1940) Subsurface Mississippian rocks of Kansas: Kansas Geol. In the 14 projects in the state, 661 wells are used as injection or producing wells and 68 wells are used for observation. Simpson gas pools are known in several counties, including Barber, Comanche, Harper, Pawnee, Rice, and Sumner. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, T. 12 S., R. 23 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, T. 13 S., R 23 E. Parts of sec. Total thickness about 2,750 feet. Moore and others, 1951, p. 37; Swineford, 1955; Kulstad, 1960. ; withdrawals, direct from pipelineno compressors. In the southern part, the great EI Dorado and Augusta oil and gas fields lie partly along the anticlinal axis. Lenticular sandstones, probably filling river valleys, occur in that stratigraphic zone (Jewett, 1959). LPG storage projects are in operation in McPherson, Reno, Grant, and Kingman Counties. Shales mostly lack carbonaceous materials. 4, p. 137-212. Abernathy, G. E. (1943) Deep water well at the Jayhawk Ordnance Works in Cherokee County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. At the present time liquid hydrocarbons, principally liquified petroleum gas, are stored in Kansas in cavities artificially dissolved in Permian saltstone in the central and western part of the state (Jewett, 1955; 1956). 137, p. 9-52. Current UGS regulationsmandate that underground gas storage operators create and maintainrisk management and emergency response plans specific to each UGS project.