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In addition, mortality of X. laevis tadpoles was roughly 25% when they were exposed to triadimefon at 51mg/L. This site is highly sensitive and very prone to target site insensitivity, but fortunately the selection is counteracted somewhat by the fitness penalty resulting in only shifting resistance. [(tance, )15(individual isolates w)11(e)1(r)10(e)1( classif)10(i)-1(ed as r)10(e)1(sistant to tr)10(iadim)7(e)1(nol,)-14( )-15(m)-8(y)-17(c)-14(l)]TJ
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Such high concentrations are of concern, in part because they exceed a recently predicted no effect concentration of triadimefon, based on reproductive fitness of just one species each of fish, Daphnia, rotifer, ostracod, and plant, of 3.66g/L. 5.52 0 0 5.52 269.73 169.05 Tm
and has low to moderate acute toxicity. f
Triadimefon is a member of the conazole herbicides, which are also called triazole or imidazole-containing fungicides. 0.197 Tw
endstream endstream 0.557 0 TD
)]TJ
-0.004 Tc
[(pres)-6(ents)-6( )13(the )13(number of replications)-6( of each s)-6(a)-2(mple to determine)]TJ
0 Tc
/F6 1 Tf
11.418 0 TD
(2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. -0.003 Tc
[(co)5(lo)5(n)5(i)-1(es fro)5(m)5( th)5(e Dr v)5(i)-1(n)5(e)0(y)5(a)0(rd)5( were co)5(llected)5( p)5(r)3(io)5(r to)5( th)5(e first)]TJ
[(from )13(four )13(vineyards)-7(:)-4( two with no previous)-7( expos)-7(ure to DMI fun-)]TJ
[(V)51(o)-15(l)-6(. 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 158.73 Tm
[(each plot, depending on the year)70(. 0.011 Tc
[(arim)5(o)5(l)-1( were o)5(b)5(t)-1(ain)5(e)0(d)5( an)5(d)5( sto)5(r)3(ed)5( in)5( a freezer u)5(n)5(til u)5(s)-4(ed)5(. 0.014 Tw
0.006 Tc
/F7 1 Tf
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8.04 0 0 8.04 222.81 284.97 Tm
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In this situation, fungicides remain a mainstay of management, and the most widely used to control stripe rust in wheat is triadimefon. (r)Tj
9.48 0 0 9.48 475.65 707.25 Tm
0 Tc
@ -0.004 Tc
/F7 1 Tf
11.203 0 TD
502.29 209.73 64.44 -0.6 re
-0.011 Tw
<>stream Lipid peroxidation is initiated by seven fungicides and cell membrane permeability is disrupted by three others. 0.123 Tw
0 Tc
0.107 Tc
5.52 0 0 5.52 413.49 243.45 Tm
Minimum irritation to the conjuctiva was observed in rabbits with irritation resolved within 1 day. -59.433 -1.687 TD
[(cu)6(lated)6( as )]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.096 Tw
)-7( Therefore,)-7( onl)-5(y i)-5(mmat)-5(u)2(re,)-7( )-13(rapi)-5(dl)-5(y )-13(expandi)-5(ng )-13(grape)]TJ
-0.001 Tw
2.658 0 TD
)Tj
0.273 Tw
endobj )-10( 87,)-10( No. 0.028 Tw
-0.004 Tc
9.48 0 0 9.48 81.93 359.61 Tm
501.57 114.69 0.6 -0.6 re
142.53 384.69 l
BX /GS1 gs EX
-0.13 Tc
Following long-term exposure, propiconazole causes liver hypertrophy and tumors in mice, uterine lumen dilation in rats, developmental toxicity indicative of reduced pup weight at parentally toxic doses, and skeletal variations in laboratory animals (JMPR, 2004). 0.11 Tc
f
0 Tc
/F7 1 Tf
Spray drift is another source of exposure of non-target sites. f
f
/F7 1 Tf
-0.001 Tc
-0.005 Tc
BT
"F hD":'8h6h6h6h !! /F7 1 Tf
f
T*
/F5 1 Tf
T*
/F6 1 Tf
-13.658 -1.114 TD
226.77 387.33 l
0.003 Tw
5.595 0 TD
[(0.1 )123(b)-3433( )-254( )-254( )-254(2.9 )123(c)-3160( )-254( )]TJ
0.082 Tw
8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 50.73 Tm
0.123 Tw
0.123 Tw
Figure5. )]TJ
-0.005 Tc
f
/F4 1 Tf
0.002 Tc
/F6 1 Tf
5.04 0 0 5.04 517.77 186.21 Tm
/F7 1 Tf
The findings so far in areas exposed to agrochemicals are indicative of the importance of the tests used for early detection of an increased risk of developing various diseases such as cancers, reproductive problems, and birth defects. T*
<>stream 6 0 0 6 191.61 163.65 Tm
[(tivities)-7( to DMI fungicides)-7( among unexpos)-7(ed populations)-7( of )]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-3.444 Tw
-0.003 Tc
The most important is the C14-demethylase inhibited by 26 triazoles including triadimefon, five imidazoles, and four other fungicides. 0.155 Tw
[(v)6(i)0(n)6(e)1(s. )13(Fo)6(r )13(in)6(itial estab)6(lish)6(m)6(e)1(n)6(t)0( an)6(d)6( su)6(b)6(s)-3(eq)6(u)6(e)1(n)6(t)0( m)6(a)1(in)6(ten)6(a)1(n)6(ce o)6(f)]TJ
f
The conazole class of fungicides includes cyproconazole, diniconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, propiconazole, imazalil, etc. Acute effects on the central nervous system may occur. /F7 1 Tf
7.954 0 0 7.954 46.89 317.25 Tm
This service is an Elixir Core Data Resource. f 507.69 281.25 55.56 -0.6 re
Minimum irritation to the conjuctiva was observed in rabbits with irritation resolved within 1 day. w3TPI2P0T5T0 -Br44C@" ) s
-0.004 Tc
H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (, L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources, V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (, G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (, A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. S
/F7 1 Tf
We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. (1989)Tj
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W 12 0 0 12 322.05 172.65 Tm
ET
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[(\(9,)-8(10,)-8(18,)-8(39\22641\) have addres)-8(s)-8(e)-4(d s)-8(ome,)-8( but)-5( not)-5( al)-5(l)-5(,)-8( of t)-5(h)1(e )-13(above)]TJ
47.104 0 TD
[(\205\205\205\205\205)15(6)2776(2)0(9)2776(7)]TJ
D)11(a)]TJ
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216.45 726.21 l
0.197 Tw
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[(69 a)-3560( )-123( )-377( )-123( )]TJ
Wheat yields in much of China are periodically undermined by explosive outbreaks of infections by Puccinia striiformis, the cause of a disease known as stripe rust. ( )Tj
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8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 77.73 Tm
Pawan K. Gupta, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology (Second Edition), 2017. 9.48 0 0 9.48 111.45 317.37 Tm
9.48 0 0 9.48 62.97 317.37 Tm
44.85 105.69 4.92 -0.6 re
/F6 1 Tf
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[(but)-5(ani)-5(l)-5(,)-8( and/)-5(or fenari)-5(mol)-5( s)-8(i)-5(nce 1989 i)-5(s)-8( s)-8(how)-5(n i)-5(n)1( T)74(a)-4(bl)-5(e 2. [(units of)10( an ocular)10( m)7(i)-1(cr)10(om)7(eter)10( at 32)]TJ
[(co)5(n)5(t)-1(ain)5(i)-1(n)5(g)5( ~7)5( m)5(l)-1( o)5(f)3( 1)5(. /F6 1 Tf
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Co)6(ef)17(ficien)6(ts o)6(f)4( v)6(a)1(ria-)]TJ
5.52 0 0 5.52 543.09 103.17 Tm
[(0.00 )123(b)-2933( )-254( )-254( )-254(2.8 )123(c)-3160( )-254( )]TJ
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f
Triadimefon contamination in China also arises from treated wheat, the second most important cereal crop of that nation. 0 Tw
-0.009 Tc
/F7 1 Tf
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T*
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Ros)7(e)2(tte pr)11(ovided by thr)11(ee dem)8(e)2(thylation inhibitor)11( f)11(ungicides)7( )-15(in )-15(a )-15(vineyar)11(d)-1( )-15(near)11( )-15(G)12(e)2(-)]TJ
T*
8.04 0 0 8.04 197.61 127.53 Tm
98.85 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re
They show long protective and curative activity against a broad spectrum of foliar, root, and seedling diseases such as leaf spots, blights, powdery mildews, rusts, smuts, and others caused by many ascomycetes, imperfect fungi, and basidiomycetes. -0.008 Tc
T*
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[(Sulfur)-8649(3,587)-2840( )-254( )]TJ
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f /F7 1 Tf
/F7 1 Tf
0.059 Tw
0.949 -1.114 TD
The whole-body concentrations of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in X. laevis tadpoles were reduced on days 7 and 14 of exposure to triadimefon at an aquatic concentration of 1.12mg/L. 8.009 0 0 8.009 136.17 385.41 Tm
An August 2006 U.S. EPA regulatory action drastically limited the use of triadimefon because of neurotoxicity in animal studies (U.S. EPA, 2006a). 99.57 268.17 41.16 -0.6 re
)**sP9w4~_6kqGrQ"55^N=4.#B2U 0.025 Tw
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0.118 Tw
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[( i)-4(s)-7(ol)-4(ates)-7(. (\351)Tj
[(,)-8( and )]TJ
-6.684 -1.114 TD
[(gor)9(ies ar)9(e )]TJ
7.152 0 TD
A different exposure analysis model predicted surface water concentrations of 4100g/L in association with a use scenario involving two applications per year on a treated golf course or sod farm at the recommended rate of 2.7pounds of active ingredient per acre. They are used to control fungal pathogens of wheat, barley, oats, fruits, vegetables, cotton, turf, shrubs, trees, and ornamental plants. BT
/F7 1 Tf
endstream 0.07 Tw
[(commerci)-4(a)-3(l)-4( vi)-4(neyard of t)-4(h)2(ree )]TJ
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[( = 77\))11( and \()11(ii\))11( exhibiting pr)11(actical r)11(e)2(s)7(i)0(s)7(t)0(ance to )-15(tr)11(iadim)8(e)2(f)11(o)-2(n)]TJ
[(t)-6(i)-6(ons)-9( )13(of 31. T*
f
f
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x+ | [(i)-4(s)-7(ol)-4(at)-4(es)-7(,)-7( )13(a )13(s)-7(i)-4(ngl)-4(e )13(coni)-4(di)-4(al)-4( )13(chai)-4(n \(20 t)-4(o)2( 30 t)-4(o)2(t)-4(a)-3(l)-4( coni)-4(di)-4(a\) w)-4(a)-3(s)-7( re-)]TJ
-5.367 -2.063 TD
5.52 0 0 5.52 508.77 229.77 Tm
0.123 Tw
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